Penguins under threat! The shocking truth of ‘surplus killing’ of Patagonian Penguins even when they are NOT being eaten by pumas

A conservation dilemma on the Patagonian coast in Argentina is coming across due to predation. As reported, thousands of penguins have died once the predators have arrived. Penguins, being harmless and defenceless, become an easy target for the carnivores, and the deaths are affecting not only their population numbers but also the delicate balance of the coastal ecosystem. This has left scientists and experts deeply concerned.The penguin deaths have been reported in the Monte Leon National Park, where the experts are studying the colonies of penguins. As reported by the University of Oxford, over four years of study, the team estimated more than seven thousand penguins were killed, but mostly were not even fully eaten, leaving behind partially consumed bodies and disrupted colonies.The authors have emphasised the need for sustained monitoring to detect demographic declines, implement targeted management strategies, and develop conservation guides in order to prevent long-term ecological consequences.Due to the high level of predation, Argentinian penguins' experiences are quite disturbing, which has made an impact on their population's growth and survival.Based on the study, not all penguins are being killed for food. Oxford University lead author Melisa Lera states that the number of dead bodies shows the signs of uneaten penguins, which simply means that the pumas were just killing more than they required for food. This ‘surplus killing’ indicated that the pumas alone would not cause the Monte Leon Park colony to become extinct. The future seems more affected by how successfully they reproduce and how many young survive. The extinction was only predicted where about 20% of juveniles failed to reach adulthood. And high puma predation would make these conditions worse.The reports also state that within the space of 2007 to 2010, 7.6% of the entire colony was being killed. This puzzled researchers.As per the research, the situation is not only because of the predation, but also multiple factors have combined to make the effects worse. After the 1990s, livestock farming declined in various parts of Argentina, which in turn allowed pumas to return to the areas they had long abandoned. The authors highlight that the environmental factors, such as nutrients, food, and temperatures, are known to influence climate change, which may even affect the reproductive success of the penguins. If the young penguins’ birth rate continues to remain low, the populations could decline more sharply in the future.In conclusion, as per the research and analysis, it's not only the pumas who are held responsible for the declining population of penguins, but other factors like nutrients and breeding success as a whole also affected the ecological balance shifts.