10 lesser-known tribes of India and what makes them unique

India boasts incredible diversity, encompassing a vast array of cultures and communities. Among its diverse population are numerous indigenous or tribal communities, each with its own distinctive customs, languages, and traditions. These tribes are dispersed across various states, each characterised by its own unique practices. Predominantly found in northeastern states, central India, southern India, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, tribal populations are particularly prominent in states like Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh. Here, we explore 10 lesser-known tribes in India, shedding light on their unique attributes. (Image: Canva)

Indigenous to Odisha, the Bonda tribe is recognizable by its distinct clothing, vibrant jewelry, beads, and unique hairstyles. The community follows a closed matriarchal system where property is inherited through female lines.

Residing in the Garo hills of Meghalaya, the Garo tribe is primarily agrarian. Known for their traditional art forms, such as music and dance, their expressions often depict agricultural practices and folklore.

Inhabiting the Niyamgiri hills, the Dongria Kondh tribe is renowned for unique agricultural practices on hill slopes. They are identifiable by intricate silver jewelry and vibrant clothing.

Inhabiting the Niyamgiri hills, the Dongria Kondh tribe is renowned for unique agricultural practices on hill slopes. They are identifiable by intricate silver jewelry and vibrant clothing.

Unique for their snake- and rat-catching skills, the Irula tribe in Tamil Nadu worships snakes and engages in uncommon rituals. Their rich tradition includes folk music, dance, and distinctive rituals.

The original inhabitants of Sikkim, the Lepcha people, have a rich oral tradition, encompassing folklore and myths. They use a unique script and wear traditional costumes with intricate designs.

The Nicobarese tribe communicates through a unique language for fishing and hunting. Apart from celebrating festivals like other communities, they showcase traditional dance forms.

Residing in the Nilgiri hills, the Toda tribe is known for its unique pastoral system, distinctive huts, and elaborate funeral ceremonies. Engaging in traditional handicrafts, they have a distinct way of life.

Settling near riverbanks in Assam, the Mishing people excel in handloom weaving. Their diverse wardrobe, from gowns to intricately woven shirts, reflects their handloom expertise. The tribe also boasts a rich cultural heritage, including traditional dances and festivals.

The Chenchus are renowned for their profound knowledge of forests and wildlife. Their activities, such as collecting honey from treetops using homemade ladders, contribute to preserving India's rich cultural heritage and biodiversity. However, the tribe faces challenges like the loss of traditional lands, cultural assimilation, and the threat of extinction. Ongoing efforts aim to safeguard their unique way of life.

The largest tribes in India include the Bhil, Gond, Santhal, Oraon, and Munda. Bhil, constituting 37.7% of the scheduled tribe population, is primarily found in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. The Indian government supports these communities through various programs, addressing challenges like marginalisation and displacement.