Devil's Golf Course

The Devil's Golf Course is a large salt pan on the floor of the Death Valley, located in the Mojave Desert, within the Death Valley National Park in eastern California. Although its exact boundaries are poorly defined, it extends from the vicinity of the Ashford Mill site to the Salt Creek Hills, covering a distance of about 40 miles. The salt pan is essentially a gigantic, dried up bed of a lake that once covered the valley to a depth of 30 feet. Some 2,000 to 4,000 years ago, the lake dried up leaving behind dissolved minerals that, over thousands of years, were sculpted by weathering processes into fantastic shapes. The salt pan is so incredibly serrated that the 1934 National Park Service guide book to Death Valley National Monument stated that ‘only the devil could play golf’ on its surface. Shortly after that, the salt pan came to be known as the Devil's Golf Course.
About 150,000 years ago, the present day salt pan was the site of a large, deep lake caused by snow and melting glaciers as far away as the Sierra Nevada. Known as Lake Manly, this body of water reached depths of 600 feet. During this period, the majority of the salts that comprise these formations entered the area. At the end of the last Ice Age (about 10,000 years ago), climate change initiated a period of evaporation—drying up this lake. Then for a brief period, during the Holocene (2,000 to 4,000 years ago), the climate was again much wetter and another shallow lake formed primarily from snowmelt in the surrounding mountains and the drainage of the Amargosa River. This time the salt pan flooded to a depth of about 30 feet. The climate warmed again, rainfall declined, and the shallow lake began to dry up. As water evaporated, minerals dissolved in the lake became increasingly concentrated, eventually leaving a thick salty pool on the lowest parts of Death Valley's floor.

While the salt pan at Badwater periodically floods, then dries, Devil's Golf Course lies in a part of the Death Valley salt pan that is several feet above flood level. Without the smoothing effects of flood water, the silty salt at Devil's Golf Course grows into fantastic, intricately detailed pinnacles. The pinnacles form where salty water rises up from underlying mud. Capillary action draws the water upward where it quickly evaporates, leaving a salty residue behind. The pinnacles grow very slowly, perhaps as little as an inch in 35 years. Wind and rain continually sculpt the salty spires into fascinating shapes.