Bunions are a common foot deformity that can cause significant discomfort and impact daily mobility. Characterised by a bony bump at the base of the big toe, bunions develop gradually and are often linked to structural issues within the foot. While anyone can develop them, research shows they are far more prevalent among women. In fact, up to 23% of adults are affected by bunions, with some studies indicating that as many as one in three people may experience them. Women are two to ten times more likely than men to develop bunions and account for approximately 85% of bunion-related surgeries.Understanding what bunions are and their causes A bunion, medically known as hallux valgus, is a bony deformity at the base of the big toe where the first metatarsal shifts outward and the big toe leans inwards toward the second toe, widening the forefoot. It's often visible as a red, painful bump on the side of the joint. Over time, complications like bursitis or arthritis can develop CausesThe exact cause of bunions remains uncertain, though several contributing factors are believed to play a role:Inherited foot structure or shapeFoot injuries or long-term stress on the feetCongenital foot deformities (present from birth)Experts are divided on how much shoes contribute. Some believe that wearing tight, narrow, or high-heeled footwear can lead to bunions, while others argue that poor footwear mainly worsens an existing tendency.Bunions are also associated with certain types of arthritis, particularly inflammatory forms like rheumatoid arthritis, where joint swelling is caused by immune system dysfunction.Common symptoms of a bunion includeA noticeable bump on the outer edge at the base of the big toeSwelling, discolouration, or tenderness around the big toe jointCorns or calluses often develop where the big toe overlaps or presses against the second toePersistent or intermittent foot painStiffness or reduced mobility in the big toe, which may cause difficulty walkingThickened or hardened skin on the soleKey reasons why women are more prone to bunions1. Footwear choicesHigh heels and pointy shoes: These concentrate pressure on the big toe joint, forcing it out of alignment Narrow toe boxes: These compress the toes sideways. Even a half‑centimetre difference between foot and shoe width impacts foot health significantly 2. Foot anatomy and hormonesAnatomical differences: Women generally have softer connective tissues, more flexible joints, narrower feet, and different bone structure (e.g., shorter first metatarsal), making them more susceptible to misalignment Hormonal influences: Pregnancy and menopause can loosen ligaments and change weight distribution, increasing joint instability and bunion risk 3. Genetic and biomechanical factorsFamily history: A large proportion of bunion sufferers have relatives with a similar foot structure or gait Foot mechanics: Conditions like flat feet (over‑pronation) add stress to the MTP joint, accelerating bunion development 4. Lifestyle and occupational stressWomen often spend more time on their feet, working, caring, walking, adding prolonged pressure on the forefoot joints, potentially causing pain, inflammation, and long-term joint issues, especially when wearing unsupportive or high-heeled footwear regularly.Consequences of untreated bunions1. Chronic pain and difficulty walkingPersistent discomfort in the foot, especially around the big toe joint, can interfere with daily activities and mobility.2. Arthritis or other secondary deformities like hammertoeMisalignment of the joint increases the risk of osteoarthritis, while the altered foot mechanics may lead to conditions like hammertoe, corns, or calluses.3. Trouble finding comfortable footwearAs the bunion enlarges, wearing regular shoes becomes difficult, often requiring wide or custom footwear.4. Progressive joint stiffness and reduced range of motionOver time, the big toe joint can become rigid, limiting flexibility and making it harder to bear weight properly.5. Bursitis (inflammation of the joint sac)The constant friction from footwear can irritate the bursa near the joint, leading to swelling, redness, and tenderness.6. Balance issues and altered gaitPain and structural changes in the foot can affect your walking pattern, potentially causing strain on the knees, hips, or lower back.Also read | What is botulism? Understanding causes, symptoms, and why early detection is crucial