Anthrax cases in India: Key symptoms and preventive tips to know

Two cases of anthrax have been reported in Odisha's Koraput district. The outbreak is linked to a feast on June 14, where 10 families of the village had consumed meat of a cattle that died of anthrax, officials told news agency PTI.

"Anthrax is spread by consuming the meat of cattle that have died of the disease. We are raising awareness among villagers to avoid consuming such meat and are taking steps to prevent the disease from spreading to other areas," said Muktikanta Khatua, the Additional District Public Health and Medical Officer.

Anthrax is a bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium found naturally in soil. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can occasionally infect humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Anthrax can manifest in three main forms: cutaneous (skin), inhalation, and gastrointestinal.

Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form, accounting for over 95% of cases worldwide, occurs when spores enter the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin. Initially appearing as a raised itchy bump resembling an insect bite, it progresses to form an ulcer with a black center (hence the name "black anthrax"). With prompt antibiotic treatment, cutaneous anthrax is typically curable.


Considered the most serious form, inhalation anthrax occurs when spores are inhaled, often from contaminated animal products or materials. Symptoms may resemble a common cold at first but progress rapidly to severe respiratory distress, shock, and potentially fatal systemic infection without prompt treatment. Inhalation anthrax requires aggressive antibiotic therapy and supportive care.

Gastrointestinal anthrax results from consuming contaminated meat and typically involves severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. Gastrointestinal anthrax is associated with high mortality rates due to delayed diagnosis and the rapid progression of systemic infection.

Preventive tips

Preventing anthrax requires a multifaceted approach involving both individuals and communities. One crucial aspect is vaccination, particularly for those at high risk of exposure such as veterinarians, livestock handlers, and laboratory workers. Anthrax vaccine provides effective protection against the disease and is an essential preventive measure.

Another key strategy is to avoid contact with potentially contaminated animal products. This includes refraining from handling or consuming meat, wool, or hides from animals suspected of dying from anthrax. Proper inspection and processing of animal products are critical to ensure they are free from contamination.

It is also important to use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling animals or materials that could be contaminated with anthrax spores. This includes wearing gloves, masks, and other protective gear to prevent skin contact and inhalation of spores.

Communities should implement rigorous environmental control measures, such as vaccination of livestock, proper disposal of carcasses, and regular disinfection of livestock facilities. Early detection through surveillance systems is vital for promptly identifying anthrax outbreaks and initiating control measures.

Education and awareness play a significant role in prevention efforts. Public education campaigns can raise awareness about the signs and symptoms of anthrax, safe handling practices for animal products, and the importance of seeking medical attention if exposure is suspected. By combining these strategies, individuals and communities can effectively reduce the risk of anthrax infection and mitigate its potential impact on public health.