Frustrated by paywalls, she made millions of research papers free: Meet Alexandra Elbakyan, who hacked paywalls to unlock science

A single research paper can cost $30 or more even when the work behind it is publicly funded. For researchers, students and independent scholars, that price can block access to entire fields of study. This gap pushed Alexandra Elbakyan from Kazakhstan to act. In 2011 she created Sci-Hub, a platform designed to bypass paywalls and provide free access to academic literature. What began as a workaround evolved into a widely used global archive while also sparking legal battles and a broader debate over access to scientific knowledge. Today, Sci-Hub is estimated to host more than 80 million research papers, making it one of the largest repositories of academic literature ever created. Academic publishing has long operated on a subscription model, where institutions and individuals pay to access research papers. Major publishers such as Elsevier and Wiley charge significant fees, often ranging from $30 to $50 per article.This creates a clear divide. Universities with strong funding can provide access, while many researchers and students cannot. At the same time, much of this research is publicly funded, peer-reviewed without payment, and written by academics who are not compensated by publishers. As a result, access to knowledge is often shaped by resources rather than necessity.Elbakyan built Sci-Hub to bypass these barriers. The platform uses donated or obtained institutional credentials to retrieve paywalled content, which is then stored and made available to users. Over time, it expanded into a large repository containing tens of millions of research papers.Its growth was rapid. Within a few years, Sci-Hub became widely used by researchers, particularly in regions with limited institutional access. Even in well-funded institutions, it gained popularity due to its speed and convenience.Before launching Sci-Hub, Elbakyan studied computer science at Satbayev University, focusing on information technologies and infosecurity. She later explored neuroscience-related fields and had exposure to research environments linked to the Georgia Institute of Technology, where she worked on topics such as brain-computer interfaces.Her experience in academic research highlighted a key issue: scientific knowledge was expanding, but access remained restricted. She viewed Sci-Hub as a response to this imbalance, combining technical skills with a broader position on open access. Sci-Hub’s rise led to legal action from major publishers, including Elsevier and American Chemical Society. In 2015, a US court awarded approximately $15 million in damages against Elbakyan.The platform has since faced domain blocks and restrictions in multiple countries, though it continues to operate through alternative domains. Reports have also mentioned investigations by US authorities into potential links with Russian intelligence, which Elbakyan has denied.Elbakyan’s work has been recognised by parts of the scientific and digital rights communities, while also drawing sustained criticism from publishers. Supporters argue that she highlighted inequalities in access to research, while critics contend that Sci-Hub undermines copyright systems.Sci-Hub has influenced how research access is discussed worldwide. It accelerated conversations around open access and exposed structural limitations in traditional publishing models.By challenging paywalls, Elbakyan helped bring attention to a fundamental question: how should scientific knowledge be shared in a digital world.